It is suggested that two distinct Population III classes may have existed: population III.1 and population III.2. The former, consisting of stars of ∼ 100M⊙,…

I would like to discuss Jupiter’s energy balance, in particular the excess heat radiated by it to space and the amount of Kevin–Helmholtz contraction required…

Following (Zwicky 1937) we start with the virial theorem that relates the average kinetic energy ⟨K⟩ to the average gravitational potential energy ⟨U⟩ of bodies in…

It is known that star formation occurs in regions where dense molecular clouds undergo gravitational collapse. While observations of cold dusty disks and envelopes require…

Galaxies are enormous conglomerations of stars and interstellar material. The qualifying morphological properties of these objects, however, remain flexible due to two principal factors: continuity…

This is a one-page note on the basics of calculus. Introduction to the study of change, Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, formula of Newton and…

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) was born into a Brahmin family in Lahore, then India. At the age as early as 21, he was responsible for deriving…