Supermassive Black Holes
Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) represent an important aspect of galaxy evolution theory that remains at the frontier of modern research. […]
Definition of Photosphere, Optical Depth and Effective Temperature
The stellar photosphere, the “surface of a star,” is defined as the layer of its atmosphere at an optical depth […]
Migrating Planets
Among the pioneers of the idea of swirling vortices of gas being responsible for the formation of the solar system […]
Liquid Water on Mars
Geomorphological, mineralogical and other evidence of the conditions favoring the existence of water on Mars in liquid phase is reviewed. […]
Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources: an Overview of Discussion on Their Origins and Nature
The subject of the nature and origins of ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) remains at the frontier of modern research. Existing […]
Detection of Population III Stars
It is suggested that two distinct Population III classes may have existed: population III.1 and population III.2. The former, consisting […]
Planetary Energy Balance, Kevin–Helmholtz Contraction
I would like to discuss Jupiter’s energy balance, in particular the excess heat radiated by it to space and the […]
Galaxy Photometry
The aims of this project are as following: Reduce multi-band (BVR) CCD data of the M 51, M 63, M […]
Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Coma Cluster (Abell 1656)
Following (Zwicky 1937) we start with the virial theorem that relates the average kinetic energy ⟨K⟩ to the average gravitational potential […]
Difficulties Involved in Observing Star and Planet Formation
It is known that star formation occurs in regions where dense molecular clouds undergo gravitational collapse. While observations of cold […]